It is not possible to obtain sufficiently direct feedback about the impact of policy interventions by either macro or micro indicators alone. Currently two very different types of indicator areas are under development: (i) monitoring frameworks based on macro indicators that summarize the progress at (supra)national level, and (ii) micro indicators tailored towards assessing cir-cularity at the level of products. The increasing focus on circular economy at the level of governments and policy requires the development of appropriate indicators to effectively monitor the progress towards the circular economy. In this sense, innovation not only refers to the design and materialisation of new products or processes, but also to the contribution that the DGI is making to the construction of citizenship and, therefore, to the construction of democracy. In all cases, the DGIs constitute a varied repertoire of initiatives where the purpose of digital innovation is not only to solve problems that affect citizens, but also to make spaces for the creation and empowerment of critical citizens that are vigilant of the actions of public and private powers. They belong to 4 different types of digital innovation: Open Hardware: understood as projects inspired by the maker movement Open Knowledge: large groups of citizens who join through online platforms to collectively create a new type of knowledge or social projects Open Data: innovative ways of opening, capturing, using, analysing and interpreting data and Open Networks: networks of citizens who are developing new networks and infrastructures, to collectively share resources and solve problems.

18 DGIs from four Spanish cities (Santander, Valencia, Bilbao, and San Sebastián) were analysed. In this paper we explore the role of Digital Grassroots Innovation (DGI) in the construction of a more participatory smart city.

I diversi attori (stakeholder) coinvolti, direttamente o indirettamente, nel processo di trasformazione sostenibile delle città (Fusco and Nocca, 2019 Williams, 2017 Azhar, 2011 Fraccascia and Yazan, 2018 European Commission, 2019) possono ottenere molteplici benefici dall'applicazione di tecnologie ICT e da strategie di sviluppo circolare (Tab. operate, gestire i sistemi Product-Service 3. market, coordinare lo scambio tra attori 2. Le piattaforme digitali rappresentano un luogo di incontro e valorizzazione delle competenze, un hub di innovazione e un mezzo per lo scambio di risorse (Metta and Bachus, 2020) consentono inoltre a persone e organizzazioni varie possibilità (Knonietzko et al., 2019): 1. Si assiste così a una nuova stagione di collaborazione e condivisione di conoscenze su temi e azioni di sostenibilità ambientale, che vede l'alternarsi di interventi di tipo top down e bottom up nelle politiche pubbliche, come dimostrano le reti globali di governi locali e regionali (ICLEI), le connessioni tra professionisti e sindaci (C40 cities) e le partnerships tra città (CIRCuIT). Submitted photocopies which do not fulfill the above mentioned requirements might influence the outcome of the visa decision.Arrange your documents according to the document list order.It is recommended to submit colored photocopies to ensure a good photocopy quality All photocopies must be clear and complete.If your documents are torn, crumpled or heavily creased documents, please photocopy them onto A4 sized paper before they are submitted, as they cannot be scanned in this condition.You remove any clips or pins from documents before submitting them.You photocopy all original and any documents which are smaller or larger than A4 onto A4 sized paper.In order to avoid delays in the Visa Application Centre, we recommend to applicants to note the following: The digital and paper documents will be sent to the Dutch Consular Authority with your passport, and visa decision officers will consider your application in the usual way. The Visa Application Centre will scan your supporting documents and passport. Following completion of these steps, your application is transferred to the Netherlands Diplomatic mission for decision making.

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